(2003)  
 
The nucleotide sequence of the R.×fortuniana ITS has also been determined (AB034194). R.× fortuniana was confirmed to be a hybrid between a seed parent, R. laevigata, and a pollen parent, R. banksiae.

(2003)  
 
The origin of the oldest Damask varieties was examined using the tools of biology. Other than randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), the ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA are widely used for phylogenetic analysis at lower taxonomic levels because they evolve rapidly. The sequences from the following have been determined: three Damask roses (AB043830–AB043838), a variety of R. gallica officinalis (AB043824, AB043835), three varieties of Rosa phoenica (AB043826–AB043829), two varieties of R. moschata (AB043000, AB043003, AB043004), two varieties of R. moschata nepalensis (AB043001, AB043002), a variety of R. moschata plena (AB043005), a variety of Rosa fedtschenkoana (AB043822, AB043823) and a variety of R. stellata mirifica (AB043212). On the basis of the sequence analysis, R. moschata, R. gallica and R. fedtschenkoana are parental species of the original hybridization that contributed to forming the four oldest Damask varieties. DNA sequences of chloroplast psbA–trnH spacer sequences from these rose varieties (AB048211, AB043945–AB043952) have also been determined to reveal that all of the oldest Damask varieties had chloroplasts derived from R. moschetta, which indicates that this species is the universally maternal species of Damask roses. The spacer psbA–trnH region is known to evolve faster than the matK coding region.