Diploid, per Zlesak 2009, Pollen diameter and guard cell length as predictors of ploidy in diverse rose cultivars, species, and breeding lines. Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology.
Another piece of information: My plant (coming from the reputable RosenPosten nursery, Denmark) has been completely cane hardy in my garden in southern Finland. The winter 2014-15 that killed, for example, Polstjarnan to the ground did no damage to R. maximowichiana. So I think it should be listed as hardy to at least Z4b.